Question

A 1976 Peter Nowell paper pioneered the evolutionary analysis of these structures. Regions surrounding these structures undergo stromagenesis, which involves the differentiation of fibroblasts into CAFs. Sustained proliferative signaling via autocrine receptors in these structures was identified by Hanahan and Weinberg as one of six "hallmarks." Excessive VEGF in these structures facilitates (20[1])(*) sustained angiogenesis. Cells adapt to these structures' hypoxic micro·environments by fermenting glucose for energy in the Warburg effect. (10[1])Impairment of p53 allows these structures to ignore signals to halt growth. (10[1])For 10 points, name these structures that are either benign or malignant based on whether they metastasize. ■END■

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