Question

During this dynasty, Hasan al-Rammah proposed a "combustible egg," the world's first rocket-propelled torpedo. For 10 points each:
[10m] Name this dynasty that stopped Mongol expansion at Ain Jalut after divisions of Burjī murdered al-Ṣāliḥ Ayyūb’s heir in the 1250s.
ANSWER: Mamluk Sultanate [or Mamluks or Mamluk Empire or Mamluk Egypt; accept Salṭanat al-Mamālīk; prompt on State of the Turks or State of the Circassians]
[10h] In a manuscript for Al-Nasir Muhammad, al-Jazari illustrated one of these devices built into the structure of an elephant. Ibn al-Haytham built one of these devices that dipped a cylinder in a tank.
ANSWER: clocks [accept water clock or elephant clock or clepsydra]
[10e] Ibn al-Nafis documented metabolism during the Mamluk Sultanate while at a hospital begun by this first Ayyubid sultan, who led Muslim forces against an English king in the Third Crusade.
ANSWER: Saladin [or Salah ad-Din Yusuf ibn Ayyub]
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